Report 2

Author

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Data

In the report, we will use a modified version of data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data). See Table 1 for a codebook.

Table 1: Codebook for the water dataset
Column Type Definition
income factor development level: “low”, “lower-middle”, “upper-middle”, or “high”
year integer year of measurement
access factor drinking water service type: “surface”, “unimproved”, “limited”, “basic”, or “safe”
pcnt double the share of the population using this type of access

We will also use a modified version of this dataset in wide format, which was created using tidyr (Wickham, Vaughan, and Girlich 2024). See Table 2 for a codebook.

Table 2: Codebook for the water_wide dataset
Column Type Definition
income factor development level: “low”, “lower-middle”, “upper-middle”, or “high”
year integer year of measurement
surface double percent of the population using surface water as a primary source of drinking water
unimproved double percent of the population using unimproved drinking water services
limited double percent of the population using limited drinking water services
basic double percent of the population using only basic drinking water services
safe double percent of the population using safely managed drinking water services

Tables

Water access in 2022 (Table 4) was greatly improved over access in 2000 (Table 3).

Table 3: Water access by income level for the year 2000.

Access Types

income

year

safe

basic

limited

unimproved

surface

low

2000

19%

23%

10%

32%

17%

lower-middle

2000

44%

33%

4%

13%

5%

upper-middle

2000

69%

14%

1%

13%

3%

high

2000

92%

6%

0%

2%

0%

Table 4: Water access by income level for the year 2022.

Access Types

income

year

safe

basic

limited

unimproved

surface

low

2022

29%

30%

20%

16%

5%

lower-middle

2022

64%

26%

4%

4%

2%

upper-middle

2022

81%

17%

1%

2%

0%

high

2022

94%

5%

0%

1%

0%

Plots

Water Access by Income Level

See Figure 1 and Figure 2 for a visual representation of the distribution of water access by income level in 2000 versus 2022.

A stacked bar plot with Income Level on the x-axis (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high) and Percent of Population n the y-axis (0-100). Types of access are shown by colours (safe = blue, basic = green, limited = yellow, unimproved = orange, surface = red). Low has roughly equal percentage in each type, while high is mostly safe, and the other income levels are in between.
Figure 1: Water access by income level for the year 2000.
The same as the previous figure, but there are fewer surface and unimproved and more safe across all income levels.
Figure 2: Water access by income level for the year 2022.

Safe Water Access

Safe water access increased most for the lower-middle income band from 2000 to 2022 (Figure 3).

A line plot with year on the x-axis (2000 to 2022) and Percent of Population with Safe Drinking Water on the y-axis (0-100). Income levels are represented by shapes (high = square, upper-middle = circle, lower-middle = triangle, low = diamond). Values for high are stable around 90%, upper-middle increases from 70-80%, lower-middle increases from 45-65%, and low increases from 20-30%.
Figure 3: Safe water access by income level from 2000 to 2022.

All Water Access

Figure 4 shows how all types of water access changed from 2000 to 2022 for all four income levels.

Describe your figure for screen readers
Figure 4: Create your own plot and figure caption to illustrate this

Reflection

What did you learn in the course of doing this assessment? (100-300 words)

Sources of Learning

Please explain the sources of independent learning you used in this assessment, including the book, help sessions, peers, online sources, and generative AI. (up to 300 words)

References

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. 2024. “Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools 2015–2023.” New York: UNICEF; World Health Organization.
Wickham, Hadley, Davis Vaughan, and Maximilian Girlich. 2024. Tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.tidyr.